Cryptography is the science of securing communication and information through techniques such as encryption, decryption, and hashing. In today’s digital world, cryptography plays a crucial role in ensuring data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity. Whether it’s securing online transactions, protecting personal…
Wireless networks allow devices to communicate and transfer data without the need for physical cables. This form of communication relies on radio frequency (RF) signals to transmit data over the air, providing flexibility, mobility, and convenience for users. Two of…
Network topology refers to the arrangement of different elements (links, nodes, etc.) in a communication network. It defines the structure of a network, how devices are interconnected, and how data flows within the network. The physical or logical layout of…
The TCP/IP stack (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the suite of communication protocols used to interconnect devices on the internet and most other modern networks. It is the foundation for data exchange in the internet and helps define how data…
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers. This model helps different networking devices and software systems communicate with each other, regardless of their…